UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D. C. 20549

FORM 10-K

ACME UNITED CORPORATION

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (203) 254-6060

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12 (g) of the Act: None

(Title of Class)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (l) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (sec. 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act (Check one).

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act) . Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 USC. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. Yes ☒ No ☐

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter was $77,642,161.

Registrant had 3,645,200 shares of its $2.50 par value Common Stock outstanding as of March 3, 2024.

PART I

Item 1. Business

Overview

Acme United Corporation, a Connecticut corporation (together, with its subsidiaries, the "Company"), is a leading worldwide supplier of innovative first aid and medical products and cutting technology to the school, home, office, hardware, sporting goods and industrial markets. Its principal products sold across all segments are first aid kits and medical products, scissors, shears, knives, and sharpening tools. The Company sells its products primarily to mass market and e-commerce retailers, industrial distributors, wholesale, contract and retail stationery distributors, office supply superstores, sporting goods stores, and hardware chains.

The Company's operations are in the United States, Canada, Europe (located in Germany) and Asia (located in Hong Kong and China). The operations in the United States, Canada and Europe are primarily involved in product development, marketing, sales, administrative, manufacturing and distribution activities. The operations in Asia consist of sourcing, product development, production planning, quality control and sales activities. Total net sales in 2023 were $192 million. The Company was organized as a partnership in l867 and incorporated in l882 under the laws of the State of Connecticut.

The Company sources most of its products from suppliers located outside the United States, primarily in Asia. In recent years, as a result of acquisitions, the amount of first aid and medical products produced in North America has been increasing substantially. The Company assembles its first aid kits at its facilities in Vancouver, WA, Rocky Mount, NC, Keene, NH and Laval, Canada. The components for the first aid kits are primarily sourced from U.S. and international suppliers. In addition, the Company has manufacturing facilities in the U.S. at La Vergne, TN and Santa Ana, CA for Spill Magic absorbent products, Marlborough, MA for DMT sharpening tools, and Brooksville, FL for Med-Nap alcohol and benzalkonium chloride non-alcohol (BZK) wipes.

Recent accomplishments and initiatives

In 2023, the Company’s key business accomplishments and initiatives included the following:

Principal Products

The Company markets and sells under two main product categories: i) first aid and medical; and ii) cutting and sharpening. The first aid and medical category includes first aid and safety products (First Aid Only®, PhysiciansCare®, Pac-Kit®, Spill Magic®, First Aid Central®, Med-Nap and Safety Made brands). The cutting and sharpening categories include school, home and office products (Westcott® brand), and hardware, industrial and sporting goods products (Clauss® and DMT® brands).

FIRST AID AND MEDICAL

First Aid and Medical

First Aid Only

The First Aid Only brand offers first aid and medical products that meet regulatory requirements for a broad range of industries. The Smart Compliance® first aid system is an effective solution for maintaining compliance with ANSI standards. The Company’s SafetyHub App technology digitizes the replenishment process for a broad range of first aid components and provides data analytics to manage costs. Our next generation SmartCompliance Complete ™ offers a modular system that addresses first aid, bloodborne pathogen, bleed control, eyewash and OTC medication requirements for the most challenging workplace environments.

PhysiciansCare

The PhysiciansCare brand offers a variety of portable eyewash solutions and over-the counter medications, including the active ingredients aspirin, acetaminophen and ibuprofen.

Spill Magic

Spill Magic is a leader in bodily fluid and spill clean-up solutions with a lightweight, absorbent powder that quickly encapsulates a spill. The Spill Response System provides all the necessary tools to effectively clean up spills, saving time, money and reducing slip & fall accidents in various venues, including grocery, retail, and big box stores; food service & hotel chains; municipal facilities; and industry-specific distributors in the U.S.

First Aid Central

First Aid Central has been a provider and manufacturer of a wide variety of first aid kits since 2007. The first aid kits facilitate compliance by Canadian businesses with federal & provincial first aid and medical regulations through their wide variety of first aid kits, refills, and safety supplies, including CPR kits, burn kits, and automotive and emergency first aid kits.

Med-Nap

Med-Nap manufactures critical FDA regulated components found in first aid kits and used by healthcare facilities, including alcohol prep pads, alcohol wipes, benzalkonium chloride non-alcohol wipes, various antiseptic wipes, castile soap, and lens cleaning wipes. Med-Nap provides to the Company vertical integration advantages including shorter delivery times, lower total costs, and a U.S. source of supply during unprecedented healthcare challenges. The facilities offer a platform for future product expansion.

Safety Made

Safety Made is a leading manufacturer of first aid kits for the promotional products industry.

CUTTING, SHARPENING AND MEASURING

School, Home and Office

Westcott

Westcott, with a history of quality dating back to 1872, provides innovative cutting and measuring products for the school, home and office as well as industrial safety cutting. Principal products under the Westcott brand include scissors, rulers, pencil sharpeners, paper trimmers, safety cutters, lettering products, glue guns and other craft products. Westcott is one of the leading scissor and ruler brands in North America.

Many of the Westcott branded cutting products contain patented titanium bonding and proprietary non-stick coatings, making the blades more than three times harder than stainless steel as well as reducing friction and corrosion.

Westcott continues to expand their catalog of craft items with patented new technologies, handle designs and construction that has driven Westcott to be a leader in fashionable and functional solutions for students and adults. In addition, Westcott continues to build on its cutting line with an expanded assortment of ceramic safety knives which include new features, allowing its customers to remain safer on the job.

Hardware, Industrial and Sporting Goods

Clauss

Clauss, with its roots dating back to 1877, offers a line of quality cutting tools for professionals in the hardware & industrial, floral, sewing and housewares channels. Many of the Clauss products are enhanced with the Company’s patented titanium and proprietary non-stick coatings. In 2021, Clauss was the first to innovate and apply industrial Carbide materials to steel cutting blades, revolutionizing cutting performance and edge-retention for hardware applications.

DMT

Diamond Machining Technology (DMT) was founded in 1976 by aerospace engineers and is a leader in diamond tools for sharpening knives, scissors, chisels, skis, skates and many other edges. The DMT products use a proprietary process of finely dispersed diamonds bonded to the surfaces of sharpeners and are famous for providing diamond sharpeners with the flattest sharpening surface, greatest concentrated amount of diamonds and the highest quality diamonds per sharpener. In 2023, DMT launched a complete product assortment that provides simple sharpening solutions to educate and create enthusiasm surrounding the sharpening category. The EdgeSharp product assortment features an entirely new line of sharpeners that are easy to use while providing a safe sharpening experience. Today, DMT continues to innovate its sharpening assortment with sharpening solutions for the home consumer while continuing to provide the very best in professional sharpening solutions.

Intellectual Property

The Company owns many patents and trademarks that are important to its business. The Company’s success depends in part on its ability to maintain patent protection for its products, to preserve its proprietary technology and to operate without infringing upon the patents or proprietary rights of others. The Company generally files patent applications in the United States and foreign countries where patent protection for its technology is appropriate and available. The Company also considers its trademarks important to the success of its business. The more significant trademarks include Westcott, Clauss, PhysiciansCare, First Aid Only, DMT, Pac-Kit, Spill Magic and First Aid Central. Patents and trademarks are amortized over their estimated useful lives. The weighted average amortization period remaining for intangible assets at December 31, 2023 was 8 years.

Product Distribution; Major Customers

Independent manufacturer representatives and direct sales are primarily used to sell the Company’s line of consumer products to mass market, e-commerce retailers, industrial distributors, wholesale, contract and retail stationery distributors, office supply super stores, school supply distributors, and hardware chains (including through their websites). The Company also sells its products directly to consumers through its own websites. The Company had two customers in 2023 and 2022, respectively, that individually exceeded 10% of consolidated net sales. Net sales to these two customers were approximately 14% and 12% of consolidated net sales in 2023 and 15% and 10% in 2022.

Accounts Receivable

As of December 31, 2023, the Company had three customers that represented 10% or more of total trade receivables. Accounts receivables from these three customers were approximately 17%, 14%, and 14% of consolidated accounts receivable. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had three customers that individually represented 10% or more of total trade receivables, which accounted for 12%, 11%, and 10%.

Competition

The Company competes with many companies in each market and geographic area. The Company believes that the principal points of competition in these markets are product innovation, quality, price, merchandising, design and engineering capabilities, product development, timeliness and completeness of delivery, conformity to customer specifications and post-sale support. The major competitors in the first aid and safety category are Honeywell and Cintas. The major competitors in the cutting category are 3M and Fiskars Corporation.

Seasonality

Traditionally, the Company’s sales of its cutting, sharpening and measuring products are stronger in the second and third quarters and weaker in the first and fourth quarters of the fiscal year, due to the seasonal nature of the Westcott back-to-school market.

Compliance with Environmental Laws

The Company believes that it is in compliance with applicable environmental laws. The Company anticipates that no material adverse financial impact will result from compliance with current environmental rules and regulations.

Employees and Human Capital Considerations

The Company views its human capital as its most important asset. As of December 31, 2023, the Company employed 645 people, all of whom are full time and none of whom is covered by union contracts. Employee relations are considered good and the Company is not aware of any material work force issues.

Culture and Diversity

The Company’s workforce represents nearly all demographics, with diversity in age, race, ethnicity, and gender. Historically, the Company’s standard recruiting and hiring initiatives have created a diverse workforce. Our employees reflect the communities in which we are located. We seek to provide opportunities for growth and development at all levels of our organization.

Creating and fostering inclusive work environments and teams allow us to create an engaging and welcoming culture for our employees, which we believe positively affects the quality of our products and the experience we deliver to our customers.

Compensation and Benefits

The Company is committed to providing market-competitive pay and benefits to attract and retain great talent.

The Company provides a range of benefits to its employees and their families, including medical and prescription drug, dental and vision, long-term disability coverage, as well as 401(k) savings and flexible spending accounts.

Available Information

You may obtain at no charge, a copy of the Company’s annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports on the Company’s website at http://www.acmeunited.com or by contacting the Investor Relations Department at the Company’s corporate offices by calling (203) 254-6060. Such reports and other information are made available as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is filed with or furnished to the SEC.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Ownership of the Company’s securities involves a number of risks and uncertainties. Potential investors should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below and the other information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K before deciding whether to invest in the Company’s securities. The Company’s business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially adversely affected by any of these risks. The risks described below are not the only ones facing the Company. Additional risks that are currently unknown to the Company or that the Company currently considers immaterial may also impair its business or adversely affect its financial condition or results of operations.

Industry and Operational Risks

The Company is subject to a number of significant operational risks that might cause the Company’s actual results to vary materially from its forecasts, targets or projections, including:

The Company’s expectations for both short and long-term future net revenues are based on the Company’s estimates of future demand. Orders from the Company’s principal customers are ultimately based on demand from end-users and end-user demand can be difficult to predict. Low end-user demand would negatively affect orders the Company receives from distributors and other principal customers which could, in turn adversely affect the Company’s revenues in any fiscal period. Additionally, revenue is based, in part, upon the Company’s ability to source its products and timely ship them to customers to meet such demand. If the Company’s estimates of sales are not accurate and the Company experiences unforeseen variability in its revenues and operating results, the Company may be unable to adjust its expense levels accordingly and its profit margins could be adversely affected.

We expect to continue to experience inflationary pressure on our cost structure, and price increases may not be sufficient to offset cost increases or may result in sales volume declines.

Although inflation in the United States had been relatively low for many years, from 2021 to the present, the United States’ economy has experienced a substantial rise in the inflation rate. There is increased uncertainty as to whether the rise in inflation will continue and for how long. Increases in inflation raise the Company’s costs for labor, raw materials and services. Future market and competitive pressures may prohibit the Company from raising prices to offset increased raw material, or other product costs, including but not limited to packaging, direct labor, overhead, employee benefits, shipping costs, and other inflationary items, or to offset currency fluctuations. The inability to pass these costs through to the Company’s customers could have a negative effect on its results of operations. Commencing in the first half of 2022 the Company was not able to fully pass these costs along to customers. In the future, we may continue to experience future inflationary pressure on our cost structure. We may be able to pass some or all of these cost increases to customers by increasing the selling prices of our products in the future; however, higher product prices may also result in a reduction in sales volume and/or consumption. If we are not able to mitigate these inflationary pressures, such as by increasing our selling prices sufficiently, there could be a negative impact on our results of operations and financial condition.

The ability to deliver products to our customers in a timely manner and to satisfy our customers’ fulfillment standards are subject to many factors, some of which are beyond our control.

Timely delivery of our products and the fulfillment of consumer demand throughout the year is critical to our success. Various factors that might affect product delivery to customers include vendor production delays, difficulties encountered in shipping from overseas, availability of shipping containers, customs clearance delays, and cybersecurity attacks on our vendors. We also rely upon third-party carriers for our product shipments from our distribution centers to customers. Accordingly, we are subject to risks, including inclement weather, natural disasters, cybersecurity attacks, general availability of trucks, and increased security restrictions associated with such carriers’ ability to provide delivery services to meet our shipping needs. The COVID-19 pandemic caused and future pandemics could cause disruptions in our global supply chain as a result of shortages of factory workers, travel restrictions, barriers to the movement of goods, and temporary closures of production facilities and distribution centers, all of which factors have resulted in extended lead times. Failure to deliver products to our customers in a timely and effective manner, has, in a number of instances, subjected us to penalties pursuant to certain of our contractual arrangements. Should any of the foregoing occur to a material extent, our reputation and brands could be damaged and we could suffer the loss of customers or reduced orders.

If we do not successfully optimize and manage our fulfillment processes, our business, financial condition and operating results could be harmed.

If we do not optimize and manage our fulfillment processes successfully and efficiently, it could result in excess or insufficient fulfillment, an increase in costs or impairment charges or harm our business in other ways. If we do not have sufficient fulfillment capacity or experience a

problem fulfilling orders in a timely manner, our customers may experience delays in receiving their purchases, which could harm our reputation and our relationship with our customers.

If we add new products or categories with different fulfillment requirements or change the mix in products that we sell, our fulfillment will become increasingly complex. Failure to successfully address such challenges in a cost-effective and timely manner could impair our ability to timely deliver our customers’ purchases and could harm our reputation and ultimately, our business, financial condition and operating results.

If we grow faster than we anticipate, we may exceed our distribution centers’ capacity, we may experience problems fulfilling orders in a timely manner or our customers may experience delays in receiving their purchases, which could harm our reputation and our relationship with our customers, and we would need to increase our capital expenditures more than anticipated.

Matters relating to the employment market and prevailing wage standards may adversely affect our business.

Our ability to meet our labor needs on a cost-effective basis is subject to numerous external factors, including the availability of qualified personnel in the workforce in the local markets in which we operate, unemployment levels within those markets, prevailing wage rates which have increased significantly, health and other insurance costs and changes in employment and labor laws. In the event prevailing wage rates continue to increase in the markets in which we operate, we may be required to concurrently increase the wages paid to our employees to maintain the quality of our workforce and customer service. To the extent such increases are not offset by price increases, our profit margins may decrease as a result. If we are unable to hire and retain employees capable of meeting our business needs and expectations, our business and brand image may be impaired. Any failure to meet our staffing needs or any material increase in turnover rates of our employees may adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Further, we rely on the ability to attract and retain labor on a cost-effective basis. Our ability to attract and retain a sufficient workforce on a cost-effective basis depends on several factors. We may not be able to attract and retain a sufficient workforce on a cost-effective basis in the future. In the event of increased costs of attracting and retaining a workforce, our profit margins may materially decline as a result.

The Company’s Westcott business is subject to risks associated with seasonality which could adversely affect its cash flow, financial condition, or results of operations.

The Company’s business, historically, has experienced higher sales volume in the second and third quarters of the calendar year, when compared to the first and fourth quarters. The Company is a major supplier of products related to the “back-to-school” season, which occurs principally during the months of May through August. If this typical seasonal increase in sales of certain portions of the Company’s product line does not materialize in any year for any reason, the Company could experience a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition and results of operations.

Failure to manage growth and continue to expand our operations successfully could adversely affect our financial results.

Our business has experienced significant historical growth both internally and through acquisitions through the years including through the acquisitions of Safety Made in 2022 and Hawktree in 2023. We expect our business to continue to grow organically and seek to grow through strategic acquisitions both domestically and internationally. This growth places significant demands on management and operational systems. If we cannot effectively manage our growth, we would likely experience operational inefficiencies and incur unanticipated costs, thus negatively impacting our operating results. To the extent we grow through strategic acquisitions, our success will depend on selecting the appropriate targets, integrating such acquisitions quickly and effectively and realizing any expected synergies and cost savings related to such acquisitions.

We may be unable to accurately forecast net sales and appropriately plan our expenses in the future.

We base our expense levels on our operating forecasts and estimates of future net sales and gross margins. Net sales and operating results are difficult to forecast, because they generally depend on the volume, timing and type of the orders we receive, all of which are uncertain. Additionally, our business is affected by general economic and business conditions in our markets. We may be unable to adjust our spending in a timely manner to compensate for any unexpected shortfall in net sales. Any failure to accurately predict net sales or gross margins could cause our operating results in any given quarter, or a series of quarters, to be lower than expected, which could cause the price of our Common Stock to decline substantially.

Unfavorable shifts in industry-wide demand for the Company’s products could result in inventory valuation risk.

The Company evaluates its ending inventories for excess quantities, impairment of value, and obsolescence. This evaluation includes analysis of sales levels by product and projections of future demand based upon input received from our customers, sales team, and management. If inventories on hand are in excess of demand or slow moving, appropriate write-downs may be recorded. In addition, the Company might have to write off inventories that are considered obsolete based upon changes in customer demand, product design changes, or new product

introductions, which eliminate demand for existing products. Historically, the Company has not had to materially write down or write off product inventories.

Loss of a major customer could result in a decrease in the Company’s future sales and earnings.

Sales of our products are primarily concentrated in a few major customers including commercial retailers, office product superstores, and mass market distributors. The Company had two customers in 2023 and 2022, that individually exceeded 10% of consolidated net sales. Net sales to those customers were approximately 14% and 12% in 2023 and 15% and 10% in 2022, respectively. The Company had three customers in 2023 that individually exceeded 10% of consolidated accounts receivable. Accounts receivable to those customers were approximately 17%, 14%, and 14%. In 2022, the Company had receivables to these customers of approximately 12%, 11%, and 10%, respectively. The Company anticipates that a limited number of customers may account for a substantial portion of its total net revenues for the foreseeable future. The business risks associated with this concentration, including increased credit risks for these and other customers and the possibility of related bad debt write-offs, could negatively affect our margins and profits. Additionally, the loss of a major customer, whether through competition or consolidation, or a disruption in sales to such a customer, could result in a decrease of the Company’s future sales and earnings.

Because our products are primarily sold by third parties, our financial results depend in part on the financial health of these parties and any loss of a third-party distributor could adversely affect the Company’s revenues.

A large majority of the Company’s products are sold through third-party distributors and large retailers. Some of our distributors also market products that compete with our products. Changes in the financial or business conditions or the purchasing decisions of these third parties or their customers could affect our sales and profitability.

Additionally, no assurances can be given that any or all of such distributors or retailers will continue their relationships with the Company. Distributors and other significant retail customers cannot easily be replaced and the loss of revenues and the Company’s inability to reduce expenses to compensate for the loss of revenues could adversely affect the Company’s net revenues and profit margins.

The loss of key management could adversely affect the Company’s ability to run its business.

The Company’s success depends, to a large extent, on the continued service of its executive management team, operating officers and other key personnel. The Company must therefore continue to recruit, retain and motivate management and operating personnel sufficient to maintain its current business and support its projected growth. The Company’s inability to meet its staffing requirements in the future could adversely affect its results of operations.

Execution or the lack thereof, of our e-commerce business may reduce our operating results.

Our e-commerce business constituted approximately 18% of our net sales in 2023. The continued successful growth of our e-commerce business depends, in part, on third parties and factors over which we have limited control, including difficulty forecasting demand, changing consumer preferences, and e-commerce buying trends, both domestically and abroad, as well as promotional or other advertising initiatives employed by our customers or other third parties on their e-commerce sites. Additionally, sales in our e-commerce distribution channel may also divert sales from our other customers.

Additionally, the success of our e-commerce business depends, in part, on the timely receipt of our products by our customers and their end users. The efficient flow of our products requires that our distribution facilities have adequate capacity to support increases in our e-commerce business. If we encounter difficulties with forecasting demand and supply to our distribution facilities, we could face shortages of inventory, resulting in “out of stock” conditions in the e-commerce sites operated by our customers or other third parties, and we could incur significantly higher costs and longer lead times associated with distributing our products to our customers.

Our failure to successfully respond to these risks and uncertainties might adversely affect the sales in our e-commerce business, as well as damage our brands.

The Company is subject to intense competition in all of the markets in which it competes.

The Company’s products are sold in highly competitive markets including at mass merchants, high volume office supply stores and online. The Company believes that the principal points of competition in these markets are product innovation, quality, price, merchandising, design and engineering capabilities, product development, timeliness and completeness of delivery, conformity to customer specifications and post-sale support. Competitive conditions may require the Company to match or better competitors’ prices to retain business or market shares. The Company believes that its competitive position will depend on continued investment in innovation and product development, manufacturing and sourcing, quality standards, marketing and customer service and support. The Company’s success will depend in part on its ability to anticipate

and offer products that appeal to the changing needs and preferences of our customers in the various market categories in which it competes. The Company may not have sufficient resources to make the investments that may be necessary to anticipate those changing needs and the Company may not anticipate, identify, develop and market products successfully or otherwise be successful in maintaining its competitive position. In addition, there are numerous uncertainties inherent in successfully developing and commercializing innovative new products on a continuing basis, and new product launches may not provide expected growth results. There are no significant barriers to entry into the markets for most of the Company’s products.

Compromises of our information systems or unauthorized access to confidential information or our customers' or associates' personal information may materially harm our business or damage our reputation.

Through our sales and marketing activities and our business operations, we collect and store confidential information and certain personal information from our customers and associates. We also process payment card information and check information. In addition, in the normal course of business, we gather and retain personal information about our associates and generate and have access to confidential business information. Although we have taken steps designed to safeguard such information, there can be no assurance that such information will be protected against unauthorized access or disclosure. Computer hackers, if successful, may misappropriate such information. An employee of the Company, contractor or other third-party with whom we do business may also attempt to circumvent our security measures in order to obtain such information or inadvertently cause a breach involving such information. We could be subject to liability for failure to comply with privacy and information security laws, for failing to protect personal information, or for misusing personal information, such as use of such information for an unauthorized marketing purpose. Any compromise of our systems or data could disrupt our operations, damage our reputation, and expose us to claims from customers, financial institutions, regulators, payment card associations, employees, and other persons, any of which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Although the Company has recently reduced its indebtedness, we continue to have a substantial amount of indebtedness, which could adversely affect our financial condition and ability to operate our business.

As of December 31, 2023, $13,164,358 was outstanding and $51,835,642 was available for borrowing under the Company’s revolving credit facility. The Company’s manufacturing and distribution facilities in Rocky Mount, NC and Vancouver, WA were financed by a fixed rate mortgage with HSBC Bank, N.A. of which $10,823,033 was outstanding as of December 31, 2023. Our substantial indebtedness, combined with our other financial obligations and contractual commitments, could have significant consequences for our business. For example, it could:

These restrictions could adversely affect our financial condition and limit our ability to successfully implement our growth strategy.

In addition, we may need additional financing to support our business and pursue our growth strategy, including for strategic acquisitions. Our ability to obtain additional financing, if and when required, will depend on investor demand, our operating performance, the condition of the capital markets and other factors. There can be no assurance that additional financing will be available to us on favorable terms when required, or at all. If we raise additional funds through the issuance of equity, equity-linked or debt securities, those securities may have rights, preferences or privileges senior to those of our common stock, and, in the case of equity and equity-linked securities, our existing stockholders may experience dilution.

The Company may need to raise additional capital to fund its operations.

The Company’s management believes that, under current conditions, the Company’s current cash and cash equivalents, cash generated by operations, together with the borrowing availability under its revolving loan agreement with HSBC Bank N.A., will be sufficient to fund planned

operations for the next twelve months from the issuance date of this report. However, if the Company is unable to generate sufficient cash from operations, it may be required to find additional funding sources. If adequate financing is unavailable or is unavailable on acceptable terms, the Company may be unable to maintain, develop or enhance its operations, products, and services, take advantage of future opportunities or adequately respond to competitive pressures.

Changes in interest rates could adversely affect us.

We have exposure to increases in interest rates under our revolving credit loan agreement with HSBC Bank, N.A. which presently bears interest at SOFR + 1.60%. The economy has been experiencing inflation since 2021. In response to significant and prolonged increases in inflation, the U.S. Federal Reserve has raised interest rates multiple times since the beginning of 2022, which has significantly increased our interest expense. Interest rates may remain at the current high levels or continue to increase. Increases in interest rates have increased our interest costs on our variable-rate debt as well as any future fixed rate debt. Any additional increase in the interest which we pay would reduce our cash available for working capital, acquisitions, and other uses.

In the event that we experience future pandemics, the economic effects of such pandemics and measures taken to arrest their spread by governmental and regulatory authorities, by the Company’s business partners or by the Company itself could adversely impact our business, including our operating results, financial condition and liquidity.

The Company’s business, operations and financial results, may be adversely affected by those risks and uncertainties resulting from any future pandemics. The extent of the impact of any such pandemic on our business, operating results, cash flows, liquidity and financial conditions will be primarily driven by the ultimate duration and severity of the pandemic and its impact on the U.S. and global economies.

The military conflicts in Ukraine and the Middle East have resulted in geopolitical instability. Our business, financial position, results of operations and cash flows could be adversely affected by the negative impacts on the global economy resulting from these conflicts.

In February 2022, Russian military forces invaded Ukraine. In response, Ukrainian military personnel and civilians are actively resisting the invasion. Although the length, impact and outcome of the war is highly unpredictable, this war has contributed to significant market and other disruptions, including significant volatility in commodity prices and supply of energy resources, instability in financial markets, supply chain interruptions, political and social instability, changes in consumer or purchaser preferences as well as an increase in cyberattacks and espionage.

Separately, on October 7, 2023, Hamas, a U.S.-designated terrorist organization, launched a series of coordinated attacks from the Gaza Strip onto Israel. On October 8, 2023, Israel formally declared war on Hamas, and the armed conflict is ongoing as of the date of this filing. Hostilities between Israel and Hamas could escalate and involve surrounding countries in the Middle East. Furthermore, following Hamas’ attack on Israel, the Houthi movement, which controls parts of Yemen, launched a number of attacks on marine vessels in the Red Sea. The Red Sea is an important maritime route for international trade. As a result of such disruptions, we may experience in the future extended lead times, delays in supplier deliveries, and increased freight costs. The risk of ongoing supply disruptions may further result in delayed deliveries of our products.

While the length and total impact of the military conflicts are unpredictable, it has led to market disruptions, including volatility in raw material prices and credit and capital markets, and supply chain challenges. In response to the military conflict, governments in the U.S. and abroad have imposed sanctions against Russia and proposed or threatened additional potential sanctions. These sanctions could adversely affect the global economy and financial markets in which we operate.

We do not have manufacturing operations in Ukraine or Russia nor any significant business relationships with Ukraine or Russian-based customers or suppliers. To date, we have not experienced any material impacts of the ongoing military conflict. We are monitoring the situation and its impact on the global markets, which may, in turn, impact our business. For example, it is possible that the conflict could result in lower sales if supply parts and raw materials for become less available or if there are continued significant increases in energy and fuel prices.

Based on the continued, and more recently increased market volatility and geopolitical unrest pertaining to the military conflict between Russia and Ukraine and the Middle East, European energy crisis and highly inflationary environment, and corresponding macro-economic uncertainty, we cannot reasonably estimate the full impact the conflict will have on our long-term financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and cash flows. It is not possible to predict the extent and duration of the military conflict, sanctions, and any associated market disruptions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

We have identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting which could, if not remediated, result in material misstatements in our financial statements.

We have identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, as described below. A material weakness is defined as a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. In connection with the preparation of our annual report for the year ended December 31, 2023, we identified a material weakness related to the Company’s information technology general controls (ITGCs). The material weakness identified is a result of ITGCs that were not designed and operating effectively to ensure IT program and data changes affecting the Company's financial IT applications and underlying accounting records are identified and tested. Business process controls (automated and manual) that are dependent on the affected ITGCs were also deemed to be ineffective because they could have been adversely impacted. We are in the process of implementing database change management and auditing software, as well as designing and implementing associated management review procedures. The actions deemed taken are subject to continued review, supported by monitoring and testing by management as well as audit committee oversight. If our remedial measures are insufficient to address the material weakness, or if additional material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in our internal control are discovered or occur in the future, our ability to report our financial condition and results of operations in a timely and accurate manner may be materially adversely affected and investor confidence in the Company may be negatively impacted.

Legal and Regulatory Risks

Failure to protect the Company’s proprietary rights or the costs of protecting these rights could adversely affect its business.

The Company’s success depends in part on its ability to obtain patents and trademarks and to preserve other intellectual property rights covering its products and processes. The Company has obtained certain domestic and foreign patents and intends to continue to seek patents on its inventions when appropriate. The process of seeking patent protection can be time consuming and expensive. There can be no assurance that pending patents related to any of the Company’s products will be issued, in which case the Company may not be able to legally prevent others from producing similar and/or compatible competing products. If other companies were to sell similar and/or compatible competing products, the Company’s results of operations could be adversely affected. Furthermore, there can be no assurance that the Company’s efforts to protect its intellectual property will be successful. Any infringement of the Company’s intellectual property could have a material adverse effect on the Company.

If the Company is found to have infringed the intellectual property rights of others or cannot obtain necessary intellectual property rights from others, its competitiveness could be negatively impaired.

If the Company is found to have violated the trademark, trade secret, copyright, patent or other intellectual property rights of others, directly or indirectly, including through the use of third-party marks, ideas, or technologies, such a finding could result in the need to cease use of such mark, trade secret, copyrighted work or patented invention in the Company’s business, as well as the obligation to pay for past infringement. If rights holders are willing to permit the Company to continue to use such intellectual property rights, they could require a payment of a substantial amount for continued use of those rights. Either ceasing use or paying such amounts could cause the Company to become less competitive and could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Even if the Company is not found to infringe a third party’s intellectual property rights, claims of infringement could adversely affect the Company’s business. The Company could incur significant legal costs and related expenses to defend against such claims, and the Company could incur significant costs associated with discontinuing to use, provide, or manufacture certain products, services or trademarks even if it is ultimately found not to have infringed such rights.

Product liability claims or regulatory actions could adversely affect the Company's financial results and reputation.

Claims for losses or injuries allegedly caused by some of the Company’s products could arise in the ordinary course of its business. In addition to the risk of substantial monetary judgments, product liability claims or regulatory actions could result in negative publicity that could harm the Company’s reputation in the marketplace or the value of its brands. The Company also could be required to recall possible defective products, which, if material, could result in adverse publicity and significant expenses. Although the Company maintains product liability insurance coverage, potential product liability claims are subject to a deductible or could be excluded under the terms of the policy. Historically, the Company has not experienced any material product liability claims or regulatory actions.

The Company’s businesses and operations are subject to regulation in the U.S. and abroad.

Changes in laws, regulations and related interpretations may alter the environment in which the Company does business. This includes changes in environmental, data privacy, competitive and product-related laws, as well as changes in accounting standards, taxation and other regulations. Accordingly, regulatory, tax and legal contingencies (including environmental, human resource, product liability, patent and other intellectual property matters), should they exist in the future, could require the Company to record significant reserves or pay significant fines or damages during a reporting period, which could materially impact the Company’s results. In addition, new regulations may be enacted in the U.S. or abroad that may require the Company to incur additional personnel-related, environmental or other costs on an ongoing basis, significantly restrict the Company’s ability to sell certain products, or incur fines or penalties for noncompliance, any of which could adversely affect the Company’s results of operations.

As a U.S.-based multinational company, the Company is also subject to tax regulations in the U.S. and multiple foreign jurisdictions, some of which are interdependent. For example, certain income that is earned and taxed in countries outside the U.S. may not be taxed in the U.S. until those earnings are actually repatriated or deemed repatriated. If these or other tax regulations should change, the Company’s financial results could be impacted.

Certain or our products and facilities are subject to regulation by the FDA and by analogous foreign regulators.

The FDA requires us to register certain of our products and manufacturing facilities. Our facilities in the United States are subject to inspections by the FDA while our facility in Canada is subject to inspection by HealthCanada to confirm compliance with their requirements. There can be no assurance that we will be able to continue to comply with FDA and HealthCanada requirements applicable to our current products and facilities or any product or facility we may establish in the future. The failure to address any concerns raised by the FDA and HealthCanada could also lead to facility shutdown or the delay or withholding of product approval by these agencies, or product recalls, and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The Company is subject to environmental regulation and environmental risks.

The Company is subject to national, state, provincial and/or local environmental laws and regulations that impose limitations and prohibitions on the discharge and emission of, and establish standards for the use, disposal and management of, certain materials and waste. These environmental laws and regulations also impose liability for the costs of investigating and cleaning up sites, and certain damages resulting from present and past spills, disposals, or other releases of hazardous substances or materials. Environmental laws and regulations can be complex and may change often. Capital and operating expenses required to comply with environmental laws and regulations can be significant, and violations may result in substantial fines and penalties. In addition, environmental laws and regulations, such as the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act, or CERCLA, in the United States impose liability on several grounds for the investigation and clean-up of contaminated soil, ground water and buildings and for damages to natural resources on a wide range of properties. For example, contamination at properties formerly owned or operated by the Company, as well as at properties it will own and operate, and properties to which hazardous substances were sent by the Company, may result in liability for the Company under environmental laws and regulations. The costs of complying with environmental laws and regulations and any claims concerning noncompliance, or liability with respect to contamination in the future could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations.

Risks Related to Our Overseas Operations

The Company’s operations are global in nature. Our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected by the political and economic conditions in the countries in which we conduct business, by fluctuations in currency exchange rates and other factors related to our international operations.

As our international operations and activities expand, we face increasing exposure to the risks of operating in foreign countries. These factors include:

These risks could affect the cost of manufacturing and selling our products, our pricing, sales volume, and ultimately our financial performance. The likelihood of such occurrences and their potential effect on the Company vary from country to country and are unpredictable.

Reliance on foreign suppliers could adversely affect the Company’s business.

The Company sources its products from suppliers located in Asia, Europe and the United States. The Company’s Asia vendors are located primarily in China, which subjects the Company to various risks within the region including regulatory, political, economic and foreign currency changes. The Company’s ability to continue to select and retain reliable vendors and suppliers who provide timely deliveries of quality products efficiently will impact its success in meeting customer demand for timely delivery of quality products.

The Company’s sourcing operations and its vendors are impacted by labor costs in China and other global locations. Labor historically has been readily available at low cost relative to labor costs in North America. However, labor costs have risen in some regions due to the effects of rapid social, political and economic changes. There can be no assurance that labor will continue to be available to the Company’s suppliers at costs consistent with historical levels or that changes in labor or other laws will not be enacted which would have a material adverse effect on the Company’s operations. Interruption to supplies from any of the Company’s vendors, or the loss of one or more key vendors, could have a negative effect on the Company’s business and operating results.

Changes in currency exchange rates might negatively affect the profitability and business prospects of the Company and its overseas vendors. In particular, the Chinese Renminbi has fluctuated against the U.S. Dollar. If the Chinese Renminbi continues to increase with respect to the U.S. Dollar in the future, the Company may experience cost increases on such purchases, and this can adversely impact profitability. The Company may not be successful at implementing customer pricing or other actions in an effort to mitigate the related effects of the product cost increases.

Additional factors that could adversely affect the Company’s business in connection with its foreign suppliers include increases in transportation costs, new or increased import duties, transportation delays, work stoppages, capacity constraints and poor quality; the possibility that the Company might experience any of these factors would increase in the event of future pandemics.

Continuing uncertainty in the global economy could negatively impact our business.

Uncertainty in the global economy could adversely affect our customers and our suppliers and businesses such as ours. In addition, any uncertainty could have a variety of negative effects on the Company, such as reduction in revenues, increased costs, lower gross margin percentages, increased allowances for doubtful accounts and/or write-offs of accounts receivable and could otherwise have material adverse effects on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

Changes in trade policies, including the imposition of tariffs and their enforcement, may have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations, and outlook.

In the past, the United States levied tariffs on the import of some products from China, which is an important source of many of the Company’s products. In order to offset the impact of to these tariffs, the Company has implemented price increases on the affected products. Tariff levels may be further increased and the types of products subject to tariffs may be expanded. Although the Company intends to continue to pass additional price increases on to our customers, such tariff-related developments could have a negative impact on customer demand and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, we might have to modify our current business practices, including potentially sourcing from alternative vendors, which could result in inefficiencies and delays in production and cause the Company to incur additional costs.

Risks Related to Our Common Stock

We cannot provide assurance that we will continue to pay dividends or purchase shares of our common stock under our stock repurchase programs.

We continue to pay and declare dividends on a quarterly basis and we anticipate that we will continue to do so. However, there can be no assurance that we will have sufficient cash or surplus under applicable law to be able to continue to pay dividends at our current level or purchase shares of our common stock under our stock repurchase programs. This may result from extraordinary cash expenses, actual expenses exceeding contemplated costs, funding of capital expenditures, increases in reserves or lack of available capital. We may also suspend the payment of dividends or our stock repurchase program if the Board deems such action to be in the best interests of our shareholders. If we do not pay dividends or decrease the amount of dividends we pay, the price of our common stock would likely decrease. At December 31, 2023, a total of 160,365 shares may be purchased in the future under the repurchase program which the Company announced in 2019.

Our shares of common stock are thinly traded and our stock price may be volatile.

Because our common stock is thinly traded, its market price may fluctuate significantly more than the stock market in general or the stock prices of other companies listed on major stock exchanges. There were approximately 3,185,316 shares of our common stock held by non-affiliates as of December 31, 2023. Thus, our common stock is less liquid than the stock of companies with broader public ownership, and, as a result, the trading price for shares of our common stock may be more volatile. Among other things, trading of a relatively small volume of our common stock may have a greater impact on the trading price for our stock than would be the case if our public float were larger.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

Not applicable.

Item 1C. Cybersecurity

We understand the critical importance of cybersecurity and proactively manage vulnerabilities to ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our information assets. While we have not experienced any material risks from cybersecurity incidents to date, we recognize the evolving threat landscape and maintain a vigorous security posture. Materiality of individual cybersecurity incidents is determined by a comprehensive assessment framework considering, but not limited to, the following factors:

Identification, Assessment of, and Response to Cybersecurity Threats

We employ a multi-layered approach to identify, assess, and report potential cybersecurity threats:

Risk Management and Strategy

Although we develop and maintain systems and controls designed to prevent cybersecurity breaches from occurring, and we have a process to identify and minimize threats, the possibility of a breach occurring cannot be eliminated entirely. As with most companies, as a result of our moves toward cloud-based technologies and increasing engagements in more electronic transactions with service customers and vendors, the related security risks will change and/or increase requiring us to adapt and employ additional resources to protect our technology and information systems.

Our cybersecurity risk management program utilizes the National Institute of Standards and Technology (“NIST”) 800-37 framework as a foundation, to align with our entity size, risk profile, and industry best practices. We believe that leveraging the NIST framework as a foundation ensures a balanced approach for minimizing vulnerabilities while maintaining operational efficiency. We maintain a comprehensive incident response plan with clearly defined roles and responsibilities. In the event of an incident, the plan prescribes notification procedures, containment measures, eradication steps, and recovery processes. We also conduct annual reviews to ensure the plan's effectiveness. Based on Cybersecurity Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) modeling, we are currently planning our 1st Tabletop exercise of 2024 with the help of third-party specialists, which is expected to be completed in the second quarter of 2024. Our Tabletop exercises include cybersecurity-based scenarios that incorporate various cyber threat categories including ransomware, insider threats, phishing, and physical disasters. Additionally, as in prior years, this year we will perform vulnerability assessments and penetration testing through third party providers for an objective assessment.

Third-Party Service Providers

We consider security related factors when choosing and working with third-party providers and have established processes to oversee and manage risks associated with third-party service providers. We require providers to share their security reports (System and Organization Controls (SOC 1 and SOC 2) prior to initial engagement and ongoing on an annual basis. We believe that the review of such reports helps us minimize the risk of data breaches or other problems resulting due to our third-party relationships, especially with software-as-a-service (“SaaS”) providers.

Reporting

We have a communication process for incidents based on their severity as outlined in our incident response plan and pursuant to various regulatory and contractual obligations. When a high risk incident or potential high risk incident is detected by our Security Operation Center or otherwise, executive leadership is immediately informed. The cybersecurity audit committee is notified, and the Chief Information Officer, in consultation with our Security Operation Center submits a detailed report to senior management. For moderate risk incidents, there is prompt notification, and a detailed report would be prepared and submitted. If a cybersecurity incident is deemed material, it will be reported promptly under SEC rules.

Management and Board of Director Oversight of Cybersecurity Threats

The Company's Chief Executive Officer, Chief Operating Officer, Chief Financial Officer, and Chief Information Officer that comprise our cybersecurity audit committee, as well as the Board of Directors has responsibility for the oversight of cybersecurity threats and incidents and reviews the Company’s programs and policies on an annual basis. The Company’s Chief Information Officer has specific tactical & strategic responsibilities in overseeing technology infrastructure and cybersecurity.

Item 2. Properties

The Company’s facilities located in the United States and China are utilized by all of its segments. The Company’s facilities located in Canada and Germany are utilized by its Canadian segment and its European segment, respectively.

Management believes that the Company's facilities, whether leased or owned, are adequate to meet its current needs and should continue to be adequate for the foreseeable future.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

There are no pending material legal proceedings to which the Company is a party or, to the actual knowledge of the Company, contemplated by any governmental agency.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

The Company's Common Stock is traded on the NYSE American under the symbol "ACU".

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

On November 14, 2019, the Company announced a Common Stock repurchase program of up to a total of 200,000 shares. During the twelve months ended December 31, 2023, the Company did not repurchase any of its shares of Common Stock. As of December 31, 2023, a total of 160,365 shares may be purchased under the repurchase program announced in 2019. The 2019 program does not have an expiration date.

Item 6. Reserved

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Forward-Looking Information

The Company may from time to time make written or oral “forward-looking statements” including statements contained in this report and in other communications by the Company, which are made in good faith pursuant to the “safe harbor” provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Such statements are based on our beliefs as well as assumptions made by and information currently available to us. When used in this document, words like “may,” “might,” “will,” “except,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “potential,” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Actual results could differ materially from our current expectations.

Forward-looking statements in this report, including without limitation, statements related to the Company’s plans, strategies, objectives, expectations, intentions and adequacy of resources, are made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Investors are cautioned that such forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties that may impact the Company’s business, operations and financial results.

These risks and uncertainties include, without limitation, the following: (i) changes in the Company’s plans, strategies, objectives, expectations and intentions, which may be made at any time at the discretion of the Company; (ii) the impact of uncertainties in global economic conditions, including the impact on the Company’s suppliers and customers; (iii) the continuing adverse impact of inflation, including product costs, and interest rates; (iv) potential adverse effects on the Company, its customers, and suppliers resulting from the conflicts in Ukraine and the Middle East; (v) additional disruptions in the Company’s supply chains, whether caused by pandemics, natural disasters, or otherwise, including trucker shortages, port closures and delays, and delays with container ships themselves; (vi) labor related costs the Company has and may continue to incur, including costs of acquiring and training new employees and rising wages and benefits; (vii) currency fluctuations; (viii) the Company’s ability to effectively manage its inventory in a rapidly changing business environment; (ix) changes in client needs and consumer spending habits; (x) the impact of competition; (xi) the impact of technological changes including, specifically, the growth of online marketing and sales activity; (xii) the Company’s ability to manage its growth effectively, including its ability to successfully integrate any business it might acquire; (xiii) international trade policies and their impact on demand for our products and our competitive position, including the imposition of new tariffs or changes in existing tariff rates; and (xiv) other risks and uncertainties indicated from time to time in the Company’s filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

For a more detailed discussion of these and other factors affecting the Company, see the Risk Factors described in Item 1A included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year December 31, 2023 and below under “Financial Condition”. All forward-looking statements in this report are based upon information available to the Company on the date of this report. The Company undertakes no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise, except as required by law.

Critical Accounting Estimates

We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, which require our management to make estimates that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the balance sheet dates, as well as the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. To the extent that there are material differences between these estimates and actual results, our financial condition or results of operations would be affected. We base our estimates on our own historical experience and other assumptions that we believe are reasonable after taking account of our circumstances and expectations for the future based on available information. We evaluate these estimates on an ongoing basis.

We consider an accounting estimate to be critical if: (i) the accounting estimate requires us to make assumptions about matters that were highly uncertain at the time the accounting estimate was made, and (ii) changes in the estimate that are reasonably likely to occur from period to period or use of different estimates that we reasonably could have used in the current period, would have a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations. There are items within our financial statement that require estimation but are not deemed critical, as defined above.

For a detailed discussion of our significant accounting policies and related judgments, see Note 2 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this report.

Results of Operations 2023 Compared with 2022

Traditionally, the Company’s sales and profits are stronger in the second and third quarters and weaker in the first and fourth quarters of the fiscal year, due to the seasonal nature of the Westcott back-to-school market.

Net Sales

In 2023, sales decreased by $2,461,410, or 1%, to $191,500,947 compared to $193,962,357 in 2022.

The U.S. segment sales decreased by 1% in 2023 compared to 2022. The decline in net sales is primarily due to customer reductions of inventory in the first half of 2023.

European net sales for the year ended December 31, 2023, decreased 4% in U.S. dollars (6% in local currency), compared with the same period in 2022. The decrease was primarily due to weak economic conditions in Europe.

Net sales in Canada for the year ended December 31, 2023, increased 1% in U.S. dollars (5% in local currency) compared to the same period in 2022. The increase in sales is primarily due to higher sales of first aid products.

Gross Profit

Gross profit was $72,210,235 (37.7% of net sales) in 2023 compared to $63,558,785 (32.8% of net sales) in 2022. The increase was primarily due to productivity improvements in the Company's manufacturing and distribution facilities, as well as lower in-bound freight costs.

Selling, General and Administrative

Selling, general and administrative (“SG&A”) expenses were $59,021,618 in 2023 compared with $57,285,483 in 2022, an increase of $1,736,135, or 3.0%. SG&A expenses were 30.8% of net sales in 2023 compared to 29.5% in 2022. The increase in SG&A expenses was primarily due to higher personnel related costs.

Operating Income

Operating income was $13,188,617 in 2023 compared with $6,273,302 in 2022, an increase of $6,915,315.

Operating income in the U.S. segment increased in 2023 by approximately $6,694,000 compared to 2022, primarily due to productivity improvements in the Company's manufacturing and distribution facilities, a reduction of SG&A expenses, as well as lower in-bound freight costs.

Operating income in the European segment increased by $491,000 compared to 2022 primarily due to a stronger Euro against the U.S. dollar and lower inbound freight costs. .

Operating income in Canada decreased in 2023 by approximately $270,000 compared to 2022.

Interest Expense, net

Net interest expense for 2023 was $2,977,164, compared with $2,364,461 for 2022, an increase of $612,703. The increase in net interest expense resulted from a higher average interest rate on the outstanding debt. The weighted average interest rate in 2023 was 6.5% compared to 3.8% in 2022.

Other Income (Expense), net

Other income was $41,002 in 2023 compared to other expense of $246,396 in 2022. The decrease in total other income (expense), net was due to the gain on the sale of the Camillus and Cuda business. The pre-tax gain was approximately $12,551,000.

Income Tax Expense

Income tax expense was $4,941,444 in 2023, resulting in an effective tax rate of 22% compared to $627,679, in 2022, an effective tax rate of 17%. The higher effective tax rate in 2023 was due to a higher proportion of earnings in jurisdictions with a higher tax rate.

Off-Balance Sheet Transactions

The Company did not engage in any off-balance sheet transactions during 2023.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

During 2023, working capital decreased by approximately $17.4 million compared to December 31, 2022. Inventory decreased by approximately $7.9 million, or 12%. The decline in inventory was due to planned reductions as the risk of supply chain disruptions has diminished. The Company expects that changes in inventory levels will continue to be consistent with changes in sales, including the seasonal impact on the Company's revenue stream. Inventory turnover calculated using a twelve-month average inventory balance, was 2.1 at December 31, 2023 as compared to 2.0 at December 31, 2022. The reserve for slow moving and obsolete inventory was $1,338,211 at December 31, 2023 compared to $1,720,350 at December 31, 2022. We do not anticipate material increases in the allowance for slow moving and obsolete inventory in the ordinary course of business during 2024.

Receivables decreased by approximately $6.4 million at December 31, 2023 compared to December 31, 2022. The average number of days sales outstanding in accounts receivable was 55 days in 2023 compared to 62 days in 2022.

Long-term debt consists of (i) borrowings under the Company’s revolving loan agreement with HSBC Bank, N.A. and (ii) amounts outstanding under the fixed rate mortgage related to the Company’s manufacturing and distribution facilities in Rocky Mount, NC and Vancouver, WA. The revolving loan agreement provides for borrowings of up to $65 million at an interest rate of SOFR plus 1.75%; interest is payable monthly. The credit facility has an expiration date of May 31, 2026. The Company must pay a facility fee, payable quarterly, in an amount equal to one eighth of one percent (.125%) per annum of the average daily unused portion of the revolving credit line. The facility is intended to provide liquidity for growth, acquisitions, dividends, share repurchases, and other business activities. Under the revolving loan agreement, the Company is required to maintain specific amounts of funded debt to EBITDA, a fixed charge coverage ratio and must have annual net income greater than $0, measured as of the end of each fiscal year.

On November 8, 2022, the revolving loan agreement was amended to increase the ratio of funded debt to EBITDA. The increase was in effect for four quarters commencing in the third quarter of 2022 and ending with the three months ended June 30, 2023. The increase for those four quarters ranged from a low of 4.75 to 1 to a high of 5.75 to 1. The amendment also modified the interest rate from SOFR +1.75% to range from SOFR +1.60% up to a high of SOFR + 2.35% on a basis that varies quarterly with the funded debt to EBITDA ratio. As of December 31, 2023, the Company was in compliance with the covenants under the revolving loan agreement as then in effect.

At December 31, 2023, total debt outstanding under the Company’s revolving credit facility decreased by approximately $36.8 million compared to total debt outstanding at December 31, 2022. As of December 31, 2023, $13,164,358 was outstanding and $51,835,642 was available for borrowing under the Company’s revolving credit facility. The Company used the proceeds from the sale of its Camillus and Cuda business to pay down the outstanding debt.

The Company’s manufacturing and distribution facilities in Rocky Mount, NC and Vancouver, WA were financed by a fixed rate mortgage with HSBC Bank, N.A. at a fixed interest rate of 3.8%. The Company entered into the agreement on December 1, 2021. Payments of principal and interest are due monthly, with all amounts outstanding due on maturity on December 1, 2031. The outstanding principal on December 31, 2023, was $10,823,033.

On November 1, 2023, the Company sold the assets of its Camillus Cutlery and Cuda business lines (the “Business”) to GSM Holdings, Inc., a Delaware corporation (“GSM Holdings”), pursuant to an Asset Purchase Agreement entered into on the same date.

The purchase price for the Business was $19.8 million. At closing, GSM Holdings paid $18.3 million to the Company; the balance of the purchase price, $1.5 million, is subject to a 12-month holdback as a non-exclusive source of recovery primarily to satisfy indemnification claims under the Asset Purchase Agreement. The divestiture resulted in a gain of $12.6 million, which was recorded within Other Income, Net in the consolidated statements of operations. The gain, net of tax, was approximately $9.6 million. Sales of Camillus and Cuda products represented approximately 6% of the total net sales in 2023.

Capital expenditures during 2023 and 2022 were $4,673,717 and $4,304,264, respectively, which were, in part, financed with borrowings under the Company’s revolving credit facility.

The Company implemented a series of cost reduction initiatives that generated over $6.5 million in savings in 2023. These initiatives have included the implementation of a wide range of productivity improvements in our manufacturing and distribution facilities and a reduction of SG&A expenses and other costs.

The Company believes that cash on hand, and cash generated from operating activities, together with funds available under its revolving credit facility, are expected, under current conditions, to be sufficient to finance the Company’s planned operations for at least the next twelve months from the issuance of this Form 10-K.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures” (“ASU 2023-09”). ASU 2023-09 requires additional categories of information about federal, state and foreign income taxes to be included in effective tax rate

reconciliation disclosure. Additionally, the newly added categories also apply to the income taxes paid disclosure. Implementation of said additions are subject to quantitative thresholds. ASU 2023-09 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting ASU 2023-09.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

As a smaller reporting company, the Company is not required to provide this information.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

Acme United Corporation and Subsidiaries

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Acme United Corporation and Subsidiaries

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Acme United Corporation and Subsidiaries

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Acme United Corporation and Subsidiaries

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Acme United Corporation and Subsidiaries

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS